​​Fuel cells technology has made recent advances which include considerable improvements in design, materials, economy of scale, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. These advances have enabled broad business use cases and applications in transportation, stationary power generation, portable power, maritime industry, and aviation. Some of the key areas of progress focus on improved membrane materials, optimized catalyst designs, advanced electrode structures, and potential integration with intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics and wind power. These major advances allow for more sustainable energy production, with zero-carbon and zero-greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across various sectors and industries. This specifically includes the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs) for cleaner transportation and large-scale stationary power generation systems for the electric utility grid stability.

This report provides an overview of commercial and developing technologies for benzene and toluene production and includes process economic comparisons and carbon intensity analysis for different production routes. Discussion of commercial end-use applications and a global capacity list by producer are also included.

The process technologies and production economics for low density polyethylene (LDPE), including LDPE/EVA swing processes are presented. Processes from major technology developers are reviewed. Cost of production estimates have been developed on a USGC, China, and Middle East basis for conventional and second generation resins. Carbon Intensity of each process type is also explored, with discussion of recent developments aiming to improve the sustainability of LDPE. Licensee information is presented for each technology along with global and regional capacity listings.​

This techno-economic report offers a review of chemistry, properties, feedstock choices, business development considerations, technology, and development trends of Detergent Alcohols. Process economics for several technologies, including synthetic and fatty alcohols, have been developed (United States, Western Europe and South-East Asia bases). Regional market supply/demand and commercial applications are included. The report also includes an analysis of carbon intensity for various processes.

​​The process technologies and production economics for linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), including LLDPE/HDPE swing processes are presented. Processes from major technology developers are reviewed. Cost of production estimates have been developed on a United States, China, and Middle East basis for conventional and second generation resins. Carbon Intensity of each process type is also explored, with discussion of recent developments aiming to improve the sustainability of LLDPE. Licensee information is presented for each technology along with global and regional capacity listings.​

Polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) is a key ingredient in the production of a variety of elastomeric urethane products and is a major component of spandex fibers. Minor applications are as the soft block in co-polyester and co-polyamide elastomers, and in a number of very small miscellaneous applications. PTMEG has few uses, even in small volumes, in applications where it is not a monomeric input to a polymeric species. Cost of production estimates for PTMEG and Spandex are included for the United States and China.

This report provides an overview of the challenges associated with the use of renewable feedstocks for producing biofuels, chemicals, and heat or power. These challenges are often related to the inherent properties of the feedstock, requiring pre-treatment before it can be used directly in existing processes. The necessary pre-treatment processes for converting the renewable feedstocks are discussed. The report also summarizes the technology readiness levels (TRL) of the renewable feedstocks and the corresponding cost of pre-treatment.

Ethylene copolymers, derived from the polymerization of ethylene and a comonomer (e.g., vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, acrylic acid, or methyl acrylate), extend the performance range of the broad class of high pressure polyethylene resins. The inclusion of a comonomer reduces the crystallinity of the copolymer, as well as its melting point, resulting in improved flexibility, impact strength, and heat sealing characteristics. This report discusses these various specialty LDPE copolymers and also includes cost of production estimates for EVA and other specialty copolymers for the United States and China regions.

The steel industry’s transition to low-carbon intensity production will total hundreds of billions of dollars in investment over the next few decades and will have far-reaching impacts on the costs, industry dynamics, and business opportunities in metallurgy. This report explores the steel industry’s path to net zero with a focus on manufacturing cost and carbon intensity of green reducing agents used with direct reduced iron technology, benchmarked against conventional alternatives.

Public and private efforts for sustainability will soon result in fundamental changes to the production processes for cement. This study examines technology used to produce cement as well as of two carbon capture methods, MEA and Chemical Looping. The impact of carbon capture technology on the capital cost and carbon intensity of cement is examined.